List of Umayyad Governors of Al-Andalus. (711–756 CE)

The dependent Emirate under the Umayyad Caliphate.

Musa ibn Nusair was the Umayyad governor of North Africa, and he sent an army under Tariq ibn Ziyad in the late spring of 711 to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). After the conquest, Musa took Spain under his governorship.

Note:

The term Muslim Rulers of Spain refers to the diverse dynasties that governed Al-Andalus over eight centuries.

1. Musa ibn Nusair al-Lakhmi (712-714 CE) – موسى بن نصير اللخمي 
2. Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa (714-716 CE) – عبد العزيز بن موسى
3. Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi (716 CE) – أيوب بن حبيب اللخمي
4. al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi (716-719 CE) – الحر بن عبد الرحمن الثقفي
5. al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani (719-721 CE) – السمح بن مالك الخولاني
6. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi (721-722 CE) – عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الغافقي 
7. Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (721-726 CE) – أنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي
8. Udhra ibn Abd Allah al-Fihri (726 CE) – عذرة بن عبد الله الفهري
9. Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi (726-728 CE) – يحيى بن سلامة الكلبي
10. Hudhaifa ibn al-Ahwas al-Ashjai (728 CE) – حذيفة بن الأحوس الأشجعي
11. Uthman ibn Abi Nisa al-Khatham (728-729 CE) – عثمان بن أبي نساء الخثعم
12. al-Haytham ibn Ubayd al-Kilabi (729-730 CE) – الهيثم بن عبيد الكلبي
13. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Ashjai (730 CE) – محمد بن عبد الله الأشجعي
14. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi (730-732 CE) – عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الغافقي
15. Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri (732-734 CE) – عبد المالك بن كاتان الفهري
16. Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj al-Saluli (734-740 CE) – عقبة بن الحاجج السلولي
17. Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri (740-742 CE) – عبد المالك بن كاتان الفهري
18. Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri (742-742 CE) – بلج بن بشر القشيري
19. Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili (742-743 CE) – ثلابة بن سلامة الأميلي
20. Abul-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi (743-745 CE) – أبو الخطار الحسام بن درار الكلبي
21. Thuwaba ibn Salama al-Judhami (745-746 CE) – ثوابة بن سلامة الجذامي
22. Abd al-Rahman ibn Qatir al-Lakhmi (746-747 CE) – عبد الرحمن بن قطر اللخمي
23. Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri (747-756 CE) – يوسف بن عبد الرحمن الفهري

Umayyad Emirs of Cordoba (756–929 CE)

This was the Independent Emirate and was free from the Abbasid Caliphate.

Here is the List of Umayyad Emirs:

1. Abd al-Rahman I (756-788 CE) – عبد الرحمن الأول
2. Hisham I (788-796 CE) – هشام الأول
3. Al-Hakam I (796-822 CE) – الحكم الأول
4. Abd al-Rahman II (822-852 CE) – عبد الرحمن الثاني
5. Muhammad I (852-886 CE) – محمد الأول
6. Al-Mundhir (886-888 CE) – المنذر
7. Abdallah (888-912 CE) – عبد الله
8. Abd al-Rahman III (912-929 CE) – عبد الرحمن الثالث

Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba (929-1031 CE)

In 929, the Emir Abd ar-Rahman III declared himself the Caliph, the religious and political leader of the Islamic world.

Here is the list of Umayyad Caliphs.

1. Abd al-Rahman III (929-961 CE) – عبد الرحمن الثالث
2. Al-Hakam II (961-976 CE) – الحكم الثاني
3. Hisham II (976-1009, 1010 – 1013 CE) – هشام الثاني
4. Muhammad II (1009-1010 CE) – محمد الثاني
5. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam (1009-1010, 1013-1016 CE) – سليمان بن الحكم
6. Abd al-Rahman IV (1021-1022 CE) – عبد الرحمن الرابع

Hammudid Caliphs of Cordoba بنو حمود

The Hammudid dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty of Berber origin that briefly ruled Cordoba and parts of southern Spain during the early 11th century.

Here is the list of Hammudid Caliphs:

1. Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir (1016–1018 CE) علی بن حمود الناصر
2. Al-Qasim ibn Hammud al-Mamun (1018–1021 CE) القاسم بن حمود المامون
3. Yahya ibn Ali ibn Hammud al-Mutali (1021–1023 CE) یحیی بن علی بن حمود المتعلی
4. Al-Qasim ibn Hammud al-Mamu (1023 CE) القاسم بن حمود المامون

Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba (restored)

1. Abd al-Rahman V (1023-1024 CE) – عبد الرحمن الخامس
2. Muhammad III (1024-1025 CE) – محمد الثالث
3. Hisham III (1026–1031 CE) ہشام الثالث

The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba collapsed, ended in 1031 CE, and began the era of the first Taifa kingdoms.

Taifa Kingdoms and Successor Dynasties (1031-1238 CE)

Taifas were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of Al-Undlus (Spain and Portugal).

Here is the list of Taifa Kingdoms and Successor Dynasties:

Almoravid Amirs (1086–1147 CE)حكام المرابطين

Almoravids were a Berber dynasty originating from present-day Morocco (Africa).

Here is the List of Almoravid Amirs:

1. Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1086-1106 CE) – يوسف بن تاشفين
2. Ali ibn Yusuf (1106-1142 CE) – علي بن يوسف
3. Tashfin ibn Ali (1142-1146 CE) تشافین بن علی
4. Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146 CE) ابراہیم بن تشافین
5. Ishaq ibn Ali (1146-1147 CE) اسحاق بن علی

Almohad Caliphs (1121–1269 CE) خلفاء الموحدين

The Almohads were another powerful North African dynasty. They rose shortly after the Almoravids and consolidated power.

Here is the list of Almohad Caliphs:

1. Ibn Tumart (1121-1130 CE) ابن تومرت
2. Abd al-Mu’min (1130-1163 CE) عبد المؤمن
3. Abu Ya’qub Yusuf I (1163-1184 CE) ابو یعقوب یوسف اول
4. Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Mansur (1184-1199 CE) ابو یوسف یعقوب المنصور
5. Muhammad al-Nasir (1199-1213 CE) محمد الناصر
6. Abu Ya’qub Yusuf II (1213-1224 CE) ابو یعقوب یوسف دوم
7. Abd al-Wahid I (1224-1224 CE) عبد الواحد اول
8. Abd Allah al-Adil (1224-1227 CE) عبد اللہ العادل
9. Yahya al-Mu’tasim (1227-1229 CE) یحیی المعتصم
10. Idris al-Ma’mun (1229-1232 CE) ادریس المأمون
11. Abd al-Wahid II (1232-1242 CE) عبد الواحد دوم
12. Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid (1242-1248 CE) ابو الحسن السعید المتعضد
13. Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada (1248-1266 CE) ابو حفص عمر المرتضی
14. Idris al-Wathiq (1266-1269 CE) ادریس الواثق

Nasrid Amirs (1238–1492 CE) بنو نصر أمراء 

The Nasrid Dynasty was the last Muslim Arab dynasty to rule in Spain. They established the Emirate of Granada in 1238.

Here is the list of Nasrid Amirs:

1. Muhammad I ibn al-Ahmar (1238–1273 CE) محمد اول ابن الاحمر
2. Muhammad II al-Faqih (1273–1302 CE) محمد دوم الفقیہ
3. Muhammad III (1302–1309 CE) محمد سوم
4. Nasr (1309–1314 CE) نصر
5. Ismail I (1314–1325 CE) اسماعیل اول
6. Muhammad IV (1325–1333 CE) محمد چہارم
7. Yusuf I (1333–1354 CE) یوسف اول
8. Muhammad V (First reign: 1354–1359; 1362-1391 CE) محمد پنجم
9. Ismail II (1359–1360 CE) اسماعیل دوم
10. Muhammad VI (1360–1362 CE) محمد ششم
11. Yusuf II (1391–1392 CE) یوسف دوم
12. Muhammad VII (1392–1408 CE) محمد ہفتم
13. Yusuf III (1408–1417 CE) یوسف سوم
14. Muhammad VIII (1417–1419; 1427–1429 CE) محمد ہشتم
15. Muhammad IX (1419-1427; 1430-1445; 1447-1454 CE) محمد نہم
16. Yusuf IV (1432 CE) یوسف چہارم
17. Muhammad X (1445–1446 CE) محمد دہم
18. Sad (1454–1464 CE) سعد
19. Abul-Hasan Ali (1464–1482; 1483 CE) ابو الحسن علی
20. Abu Abdullah Muhammad XII (1482–1483; 1487–1492 CE) ابو عبداللہ محمد دوازدہم

Abu Abdullah Muhammad XII (also known as Boabdil) was the last Muslim ruler of Spain, who surrendered Granada to the Catholic Monarchs.

Conclusion

The history of Muslim rule in Spain (711–1492 CE) spans from the first Muslim ruler of Spain, Musa ibn Nusair, in 712 to the last Muslim ruler of Spain, Abu Abdullah Muhammad XII, in 1492. It covers nearly eight centuries of cultural, political, and intellectual transformations.

Some Frequently Asked Questions

References:

Books:

1. Thomas F. Glick. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. 
2. Maria Rosa Menocal. The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Mediaeval Spain. 
3. Professor W Montgomery Watt, and Pierre Cachia. A History of Islamic Spain
4.  Philip K. Hitti. History of the Arabs
5. Hugh Kennedy. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus.

Websites:

1. New World Encyclopedia. Almohad Dynasty
2. Wikipedia. List of rulers of Morocco
3. Britannica. Nasrid dynasty
4. Wikipedia. List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
5. BBC History. Muslim Spain (711-1492)