The Mughal women were not mere ornaments or passive observers; they were active participants in the empire’s politics, culture, and society.” Ruby Lal

The Mughal Empire, one of the most powerful empires in Indian history, ruled over the Indian subcontinent for nearly 300 years, from 1526 to 1857. At its peak, the empire spanned across modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Afghanistan. While the Mughal emperors, such as Babar, Akbar, and Shah Jahan, are well-known for their conquests and architectural achievements, the Mughal women played a vital role in shaping its political, social, and cultural landscape.

When we talk about the Mughals, it’s easy to picture the emperors who held the throne. But behind the scenes, Women in the Mughal Empire played equally important roles. These women weren’t just confined to the royal harem or palace quarters; they were highly educated, politically influential, and had a strong impact on the empire’s social, cultural, and political fabric. From queen mothers who advised their sons to poets and philanthropists who enriched Mughal culture, the women of this dynasty made significant contributions that often go unnoticed.

In this article, we’ll explore the lives of some of the most famous Mughal women.

Powerful Mughal Women

There is an extensive list of women in the Mughal Empire, but here, we will focus specifically on prominent Mughal women.

Gulbadan Begum (1523–1603)

Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of the first Mughal emperor Babur (the founder of the Mughal Empire) and sister of Emperor Humayun, is one of the few female chroniclers in Mughal history. She wrote the Humayun Nama, a detailed account of her brother Humayun’s life and reign. This work stands out as one of the rare records that gives us a woman’s perspective on Mughal court life, relationships, and the challenges within the empire. Unlike many historical records written by men, Gulbadan’s writing includes personal anecdotes, family dynamics, and insights into the lives of women in the royal court. Her memoirs provide a unique and intimate look at Mughal history that might have been lost without her.

Hamida Banu Begum (1527–1604)

Hamida Banu Begum, the wife of Emperor Humayun and the mother of Akbar, played a crucial role in the continuation of the Mughal dynasty. When Humayun was exiled to Persia, Hamida accompanied him, facing hardship but remaining steadfast. Her diplomatic skills and loyalty were crucial during Humayun’s time in exile and eventual return to power. 

After Humayun’s death, Hamida Banu guided her young son Akbar during his early years as emperor, helping to secure his position on the throne. Her wisdom and influence were crucial in stabilizing the empire after Humayun’s reign and providing Akbar with the foundation needed to grow into one of the greatest rulers in Indian history. Her role went beyond motherhood. She was also known for her intellect and diplomatic skills, making her a respected figure in her own right.

Maham Anga (died 1562)

Maham Anga was not a blood relative of the Mughal family but was immensely close to the royal family as Akbar’s foster mother. Known for her sharp political mind, Maham Anga held substantial power during Akbar’s early years as emperor. She acted as one of his most trusted advisors. She had a hand in significant political decisions, earning her a respected yet feared position within the court. Her influence was so strong that some even referred to her period of power as “Maham Anga’s reign.” Her story highlights how women, even without royal titles, could command respect and authority through loyalty and intelligence.

Ruqaiya Sultan Begum (1542–1621)

Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar’s first wife and a close companion throughout his life, was more than just an empress; she was a patron of the arts and architecture. Though she did not bear any children, Ruqaiya played a central role in Akbar’s family and was highly respected. Ruqaiya’s position allowed her to support artists, poets, and architects, which helped to enrich Mughal culture. 

Ruqaiya also had a role in state matters and acted as a counselor to Akbar. She is Known for her grace and intelligence. Her legacy is evident in the cultural developments of the Mughal period, as her patronage helped foster creativity and innovation in the empire.

Maryam-uz-Zamani (Harkha Bai) (1542–1623)

Maryam-uz-Zamani, also known as Harkha Bai or Jodha Bai, was a Rajput princess and Akbar’s wife, Perhaps one of the most remarkable figures in Mughal history. She was highly influential in promoting harmony between the Mughals and Rajputs, bridging cultural and political divides. Maryam-uz-Zamani was known for her influence over the Mughal harem and her involvement in diplomacy and trade. She was among the first Mughal women to own ships, which she used for trade in the Indian Ocean. Her business ventures show how Mughal women could extend their reach beyond the palace walls and even influence economic matters within the empire.

Nur Jahan (1577–1645)

Nur Jahan, the wife of Emperor Jahangir, is one of the most powerful women in Mughal history. Known for her intelligence, ambition, and strategic mind, Nur Jahan effectively became the empire’s de facto ruler during her husband’s later years as he struggled with health issues. Jahangir trusted her judgment so completely that he even handed her the imperial seal, symbolizing her authority to make major decisions. 

Nur Jahan managed foreign relations, issued orders, and even had coins minted in her name. Her story is unique as she demonstrated that, with skill and influence, a Mughal woman could hold real power in the empire.

Mumtaz Mahal (1593–1631)

Mumtaz Mahal, best known as the beloved wife of Shah Jahan, inspired one of the world’s most famous monuments, the Taj Mahal, which Shah Jahan built in her memory.

But her legacy goes beyond this iconic symbol of love. Mumtaz Mahal was deeply involved in charitable efforts, providing assistance to the poor and supporting widows and orphans. Her untimely death in 1631 during childbirth devastated Shah Jahan, who spent years creating the Taj Mahal as a tribute to her memory. Today, she is remembered not only as a queen but also as an emblem of devotion and compassion.

Jahanara Begum (1614–1681)

Jahanara Begum, the eldest daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, was highly respected and influential in the Mughal court. Unlike many royal women of her time, Jahanara was involved in trade and owned several ships, participating in the empire’s bustling economy. A passionate supporter of Sufism, she funded the construction of Sufi shrines and mosques. Jahanara’s patronage extended to the arts as well; she supported poets, painters, and scholars, making her an important figure in preserving and enhancing Mughal culture. Her legacy highlights her commitment to both spirituality and cultural patronage.

Roshanara Begum (1617–1671)

Roshanara Begum, sister to Emperor Aurangzeb, was known for her intelligence and her keen understanding of politics. She played a significant role in the power struggle between her brothers, siding with Aurangzeb and helping him secure his position as emperor. Roshanara’s influence within the court was considerable, and her alignment with Aurangzeb showed her understanding of Mughal politics and her determination to protect her interests. While her political involvement stirred controversy, Roshanara’s story reveals the role of women in court intrigues and succession battles.

Zeb-un-Nisa (1638–1702)

Zeb-un-Nisa, the eldest daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb, was a gifted poet and intellectual who became one of the most beloved literary figures of her time. Writing under the pen name “Makhfi” (meaning “Hidden”), she composed Persian poetry celebrated for its beauty and depth. Zeb-un-Nisa’s passion for literature and philosophy made her a key patron of Persian poetry, and her gatherings of poets and thinkers fostered a vibrant intellectual environment in the Mughal court. In many ways, Zeb-un-Nisa represents the intellectual and artistic spirit of Mughal women who found ways to express themselves despite societal limitations.

Women in the Mughal Court

The women in the Mughal court led complex lives of influence. The Mughal court was a vibrant center of politics, culture, and daily activities, where royal women played essential roles behind the scenes. These women led complex lives that included extensive education, cultural participation, and familial responsibilities, all within the highly ceremonial and structured environment of the court.

Life at the Mughal Court

Royal women at the Mughal court were often highly educated, receiving instruction in languages, literature, and religious studies, with many mastering Persian and Arabic. They were also trained in the arts, music, and poetry, allowing them to participate meaningfully in the cultural life of the court. 

Marriage played a central role in shaping the alliances within the empire, and royal women were often married to prominent figures to strengthen political ties. Though purdah (the seclusion of women) limited their public presence, these women maintained active engagement with the empire’s affairs, mainly through cultural patronage and strategic alliances.

Their daily routines included overseeing household management, planning events, and attending to the needs of their family members, especially young princes and princesses. Festivals, feasts, and special celebrations were regular aspects of court life, with royal women playing significant roles in organizing these events. Additionally, many engaged in charitable work, supporting local communities and promoting religious and educational activities.

Courtly Influence

Despite restrictions, women in the Mughal court exercised considerable influence over court politics and culture. They often participated in important ceremonies and functions, showing support and solidarity for the emperor and his advisors. 

Certain Mughal empresses and princesses, such as Nur Jahan, Jahanara Begum, and Zeb-un-Nisa, became known for their substantial contributions to the empire’s governance and cultural development. They supported architectural projects, commissioned poetry, and fostered intellectual discussions within the palace. This patronage not only solidified their legacy but also elevated the cultural sophistication of the Mughal court. 

The Mughal Harem: A Complex System

The Mughal Harem, or zenana, was an inner sanctum of the royal palace where the women of the Mughal household lived. It served as both a residence and a secure, private domain for the Mughal queens, princesses, concubines, and other female members of the royal family, as well as attendants, guards, and artisans.

The harem played an influential role in royal politics as well. Through their connections to powerful families and their access to the emperor, the women within the harem could subtly shape political decisions. Their influence extended to cultural matters too, as many royal women used their position to patronize the arts, oversee architectural projects, and sponsor charities.

Harem and Royal Succession

One of the most significant roles of the harem was its impact on royal succession. The women of the harem often determined which prince would be favored to succeed the emperor. Empresses and mothers, in particular, could shape the fate of their sons through their influence over the emperor and court officials. 

Nur Jahan, for example, used her considerable influence to back her stepson, Shah Jahan, as the next emperor. Her political skill and sway over Jahangir were crucial in securing his support for Shah Jahan’s claim to the throne.

This influence on succession sometimes sparked rivalries and alliances within the harem, as mothers, aunts, and wives vied to ensure that their sons or favored heirs would rule. While the harem was secluded, it had a direct impact on the future of the empire, making it a central institution in Mughal political life.

Conclusion

The Mughal women were far more than silent figures in the background; they were influential in shaping the empire’s history, culture, and legacy. From authors like Gulbadan Begum to political powerhouses like Nur Jahan, these women left an indelible mark on the Mughal era. They participated actively in courtly life, influenced politics, patronized the arts, and contributed to the empire’s cultural richness.

Frequently Asked Questions

References

Books:

1. Ruby Lal. Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization)
2.  Ellison Banks Findly. Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India
3. Ira Mukhoty. Daughters of the Sun: Empresses, Queens and Begums of the Mughal Empire

Resarch Papers:

1. Rukhsana Iftikhar, University of the Punjab, Lahore . Cultural Contribution of Mughal Ladies 
2. Mohd. Asim Zaidi. Role of Women in the Mughal Empire
3. Rukhsana Iftikhar University of the Punjab, Lahore. Labor Class of Women in Mughal India
4. Sharmita Ray. The Multifaceted Women of the Mughal Harem: A Historiographical Essay
5. Asfia Khatun. Status of Women in Mughal Period: A Historical Perspective

1. BBC. Gulbadan Begum: The epic voyage of a daring Mughal princess
2. World History Encyclopedia. Royal Women in the Mughal Empire.